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K W I K W R I T E
Executive Word Processor
TexaSoft
P.O. Box 1169
Cedar Hill, Texas 75104
CONDENSED MANUAL
Version 4.0
(C)Copyright Alan C. Elliott, 1982-89
Member of the Association of Shareware Professionals (ASP)
All Rights Reserved. No patent liability is assumed with
respect to the use of the information contained herein.
While every precaution has been taken in the preparation of
this publication, the publisher assumes no responsibility
for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed
for damages resulting from the use of the information
herein.
KWIKWRITE is distributed on diskette using the shareware
concept, and under the guidelines of the Association for
Shareware Professionals (ASP). This diskette contains the
KWIKWRITE program, and supporting files. When distributing
this disk, do not alter the contents of any of these files.
To become a registered user, print the file named ORDER, and
send it in.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
1
Kwikwrite
__________________________________________________________
CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION.............................................3
COPY TO A HARD DISK.................................4
INSTALLATION........................................4
BEGINNING TUTORIALS.................................5
KWIKWRITE EDITOR.........................................6
FUNCTION KEYS.......................................8
CONTROL KEYS........................................9
LESSON 1...........................................12
LESSON 2...........................................14
KWIKWRITE PRINT MODULE..................................17
PROCESSOR COMMANDS.................................19
1. Page size...................................19
2. Line formation..............................20
3. Formatting..................................22
4. Paging......................................23
5. Titles......................................24
6. Headers and Footers.........................26
7. External Text Entry (Mail-Merge)............26
8. Special Printer Capabilities................28
9. Miscellaneous...............................30
EXAMPLE DOCUMENTS.......................................32
ORDER FORM..............................................37
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
2
Kwikwrite - Introduction
__________________________________________________________
KWIKWRITE Version 4.0
INTRODUCTION
KwikWrite is a word processer for the IBM Personal Computer
and compatible computers. It allows you to create documents
such as letters, reports, and manuscripts. The KwikWrite
editor uses ASCII files, so it may also be used for
programming and creation of other text files. It is perfect
for the creation of e-mail. KwikWrite allows merging of
information from dBASE III type database files to provide
easy mail-merge capabilities.
Or goals in creating KwikWrite were as follows:
1) Create an easy to learn word processor suitable for
professionals, executives, office workers, students and
others doing a moderate amount of word processing.
2) Make the program fit on one disk and be ready for use
with a bare minimum of installation.
3) Make the word processing document a simple ASCII file so
that it can be merged into other systems and other word
processors with ease. Make the word processor able to handle
files of any length.
4) Give the word processor enough features to allow users to
grow into more sophisticated uses - such as mail merge,
programmable printer options, external text entry, and
others.
Minimum requirements:An IBM PC or compatible computer with
128 of memory, and two floppy disks, or a hard disk system
The two basic parts of the word processor are the editor and
printing modules, named KW and KWPR.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
3
Kwikwrite - Introduction
__________________________________________________________
MAKING WORKING COPIES OF KWIKWRITE
Make a backup copy of your original KwikWrite diskette. You
may do this using the DOS DISKCOPY command.
FOR USE ON A FLOPPY DISKETTE SYSTEM
A minimum of a two disk drive systems is suggested to use
KwikWrite. When in standard use, the program will reside in
disk A:, and a storage diskette will reside in disk B:.
STEP 1:Format a blank diskette with the "/S" option: (This
will make a bootable disk):
A>FORMAT B:/S
STEP 2:Place the backup copy of the original KWIKSTAT disk
in drive A:, and your newly formatted diskette in drive B:.
Enter the command:
A>KWCOPY B:
This creates a "Working Copy" diskette on disk B: containing
both DOS and KwikWrite. To use KwikWrite, place the Working
Copy in the A: drive, and another formatted diskette to
store your documents in the the B: drive. Proceed to the
INSTALLATION procedure below.
COPY TO A HARD DISK
STEP 1:Place the backup copy of KwikWrite in the A: drive.
With the A: drive as the default drive, enter the command:
A>KWCOPY C: (or D: if copying to the D: drive)
This will copy all necessary files to the C: drive. You
will run KwikWrite from the \KW subdirectory.
INSTALLATION
The program KWSETUP is the KwikWrite installation program.
This program allows you to specify pre-set conditions for
the editor and print programs. Begin this program with:
C>KWSETUP
The installation procedure is a series of questions, to
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
4
Kwikwrite - Introduction
__________________________________________________________
which you respond. For new users, choose the default choices
your first time around. You may change your choices at any
time without affecting any documents you may have created.
DEFAULT VALUES FOR PRINTER MODULE: You will be presented
with a screen listing 10 different settings for the printer
module. FOR NOW-just press the ESC key to select all
settings as they are.
CHOICE OF PRINTERS: If your printer or a similar printer is
listed, choose it. Otherwise choose GENERIC. Later, you may
customize the program for your printer if you desire.
COLORS: You must choose colors for TEXT, HIGHLIGHTING,
UNDERLINING, and BOLD text. Choose from the options by
number.
After finishing the KWSETUP installation procedure you will
exit to DOS.
BEGINNING THE TUTORIALS
Assuming that the files KWTUTOR.TXT and KWPR-TUT.TXT (which
are on the distribution disk) are in drive "C:", you may
begin the tutorials with the commands:
C>KWTUTOR (or A>KWTUTOR)
and
C>KWTUTPR (or A>KWTUTPR)
Go through these tutorials to familiarize yourself with the
program.
LESSONS
Before attempting any word processing of significance, go
through the lessons in the manual. It will take you less
than an hour - and you will have a much better feeling for
how to make your documents look their best.
TEST YOUR PRINTER
Once you have figured out how to print a document using the
KWPR program, process the file on disk named KWTEST. This is
a printer test. It will help you decide if the printer
commands are operating correctly for your printer. It is
very helpful if you are customizing the program for a
non-supported printer.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
5
Kwikwrite - Introduction
__________________________________________________________
KWIKWRITE EDITOR Version 4.0
DESCRIPTION of KwikWrite Editor
The KwikWrite Editor is a standard ASCII text editor. This
means that it creates standard text files, which can be read
by most computer programs. It is the text editor for the
KwikWrite Word Processor, but it is also suitable for
writing source code (FORTRAN, etc), for writing BATCH files
(.bat), creating data files, and for creating e-mail, memos
and documents to print or merge with other programs.
USING EDIT
To begin the EDIT program (here from disk C), enter
C>EDIT (or C>KW)
Optionally, if you are editing an existing document, you may
give the command:
C>EDIT FILENAME (or C>KW FILENAME)
Where "FILENAME" is the name of the file to edit. Begin the
program with the command EDIT.
Examine the edit screen. "F1 is HELP" is at the upper left.
Directly underneath the "F" in F1 notice the blinking
cursor. This cursor indicates the location at which text can
be entered. The number 1,1 appears next to the HELP,
indicating the position of the cursor, line 1, column 1.
A vertical mark on the top and bottom of the screen
indicates the screen line length, where wrod wrap will take
place. You may enter text onto this blank screen in much the
same way as you would with a typewriter.
Numeric Keypad Commands
Make sure the numeric keypad is is "cursor" mode, NOT
numeric mode.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
6
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
Home - Puts the cursor at left margin. If the cursor is
already in the left margin, Home places it in the
upper left corner. Pressing Home twice will always
move it to the upper left corner.
Arrow Keys (right, left, up, down) - Moves the cursor in the
direction indicated by the arrow.
End - Moves the cursor to the end of the current line.
PgUp (Page Up) - Move 11 lines up the the document.
PgDn (Page Down) - Move 11 lines down the document.
NOTE:Moving the cursor to the bottom of the screen,
and pressing the down arrow makes the document scroll
one line at a time. Moving to the top of the screen,
and pressing the up arrow makes the screen scroll
down one line at a time.
Del - Deletes the character at which the cursor is located.
Ins - Turns on the character insert mode. Characters typed
in will be entered directly preceding the cursor
location. Pressing the "Ins" key again or pressing
the ENTER key will turn off insert mode.
Three Special Keys
Three other keys on the IBM PC keyboard have special
functions in EDIT.
Backspace <--- is the arrow key on the top row of keys
usually to the right of the "=" key.
Tab -->| Moves the cursor to the next tab position as
indicated by the "T"'s on the highlighted bar at the
bottom of the screen. Pressing CTRL-K several times
will eventually display the tab settings.
Esc - End: Exits the editor. You will be asked if you wish
to save your current document.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
7
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
Function Keys
F1 - Help: Displays a help menu from which you may choose to
look at information on a variety of topics on editing
and creating a document.
F2 - Delete: Deletes a specified number of lines beginning
at the line on which the cursor is located. You will be
prompted to enter the number of lines to delete.
Entering 0 (or nothing) will delete no lines.
F3 - Top: Cursor moves to top of current workspace. If none
of the document has been "buffered out", this will be
the top of the document. See an explanation of
"Buffering Out" later in this manual. See also CTRL-F3.
F4 - Bottom: Cursor moves to the last line of the workspace.
See CTRL-F4.
F5 - Files: This allows you to access a previously saved
file. You will be asked to enter the name of the file
at the bottom of the screen. If you already have a
document in the editor when you do a get, it will
append the new document onto the old one at the end of
the buffer. If you press F1 while in Get mode, you may
get a listing of files on disk.
F6 - Center- This command centers the text on the current
line based on the current line length. Also see the
".CEN" command.
F7 - Exit/Print: Stores the current working file onto a
disk. After pressing the F7 key, you will be prompted
to enter a document name.
F8 - Clear: Clears current workspace, leaving you with a
blank screen. Any current working document will be
lost. Infomation store in the buffer using F9 will
ramain in buffer.
F9 - Mark: Used to mark blocks of text for copying. To mark
text for copying, move the cursor to the upper left
corner of the rectangular block to be copied, and Press
F9. The mark will be noted by a character in reverse
video. Move the cursor to the last line of the text to
be copied, and then move it to the right at least as
far as the length of the longest line to be copied. The
block of text will be highlighted in reverse video.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
8
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
Note that text in the copy buffer is not destroyed when
the F8-Clear command is issued. This provides a method
of transferring blocks of text from one file to
another. Marks must be made on ONE screen. The maximum
size of a copy buffer is 100 lines.
F10- Copy: Used to copy a marked rectangular block of text
(see F9 - Mark). Moving the cursor to the position
where you wish to insert the text previously marked
using the F9 command and pressing F10 will insert the
text in the desired position by first inserting enough
blank lines for it to fit. A copy which does not insert
before copying is CTRL C, explained later.
Control Commands (CTRL)
Control commands are issued by pressing the CTRL key and
then simultaneously pressing a single command key such as a
D, W or F, designated as CTRL C or ^C
^A- Causes letters on the screen to be converted to UPPER
case.
^B- Placing a CTRL - B around text causes it to be printed
in BOLD. This technique causes the printer to print
this text several times, so on some printers, such
as laser printers, this version of bold may not
produce the results desired. It works best on dot
matric and daisy wheel printers.
^C- Is similar to the F10 function key. However, instead of
first inserting blank lines before making a copy,
CTRL C will place the copied text in the position
specified by the cursor, directly over any text
that may happen to exist there.
^D- Deletes all characters on the current line which are to
the right of the cursor. If the cursor is in column
one, the entire line will be deleted, and any text
below that line will be moved up on the screen.
^End does the same thing. See also F2-Delete.
^F- This command "fills" the text from the current line to
the next blank line or next line which starts with
a dot "." Each line is filled with as many words as
will fit while observing the current line length
specifications.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
9
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
^J- Cause the line to be justified right. That is, the last
character of that line is moved to the line length
in the editor.
Example of a line that has be CTRL-J'ed
^K- Changes the "Help Bars" at the bottom of the screen
which initially displays copyright information.
Successively pressing ^K will display the function
key commands, CTRL commands, and tab settings.
^L- This command may be used to reset the line length
specifications within EDIT. After pressing ^L, you
will be prompted to enter the new line length.
^O- CTRL-O (the letter O) is a "hard space". Place it
between two letters that you do not want to be
adjusted in justified text.
^R- This command allows you to replace text on the screen.
After pressing CTRL R, you will notice a request at
the bottom of the screen which says "Old/New".
Enter the string of characters to be replaced ,
followed by a "/", and the new string of
characters. For example, responding to the request
with wrong/right would result in the replacement of
the word "wrong" with "right". Each "wrong" will be
highlighted on the screen, and you will be able to
replace, skip, end the replace procedure, or select
the replacement of all further occurrences of
"wrong" with "right" without any more prompting.
After checking the first screen for matches, you
will be prompted to indicate if you want the
replace to continue. Enter Y or N.
^S- Will search for a specified text. You will be prompted
to enter the text to be located. Each time this
text is matched, it will be highlighted on the
screen. The search is conducted from the beginning
of the current workspace to the end of the current
workspace. (See "Buffering Out" in this chapter).
^T- Allows you to reset the tab settings by entering up to
20 tabs. These tabs should be entered from smallest
to largest, should be separated by semicolons, and
none should exceed the line length. (e.g. 10;20;30)
^U- Placing CTRL-U around text causes it to be printed
underlined.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
10
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
^W- Deletes text from the position of the cursor to the next
blank. This is usually used to delete a word.
^Y- Deletes an entire line.
^Z- Causes letters on the screen to be converted to lower
case.
^F1 - Shells to DOS. This allows you to enter a DOS command
or run another program. Get back to KwikWrite by
entering the command EXIT at the DOS prompt.
^F3 - Goes to top of document. This is the same as F3, if no
buffering has been done.
^F4 - goes to bottom of document. This is the same as F4 is
document is short.
Text Buffering and Scrolling
The PgUp and PgDn keys allow you to page up and down a
document to find the area with which you wish to work. EDIT
was designed so that any document, no matter how long, could
be edited. If all text cannot be in memory at one time, it
is necessary to bring in a piece of the document at a time.
BE CAUTIOUS - SAVE OFTEN
Text being created and changes being made to an existing
file are stored in memory until the F1 "Save" command is
issued. A power failure or human error could cause you to
lose this information. We recommend that you issue the F7
"Save" command periodically to protect your work - say every
10 to 30 minutes.
TUTORIAL LESSONS
The following lessons give you a better understanding of the
screen editing commands. Please go through these lessons
before using EDIT.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
11
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
LESSON 1
This lesson will cover most of the function keys. Additional
keys will be covered in Lesson 2. Enter KwikWrite Editor
with the command: (The C> prompt is assumed)
C>EDIT
Enter the following text, exactly as it appears here. Do not
type the borders.
---------------------------------------------------------
| Lesson One |
|This text will help you learn about Alan's EDIT. |
|We will learn how to use most of the functn keys. |
| |
|These two lines will be copied to other locations |
|within this file using the F10 and CTRL C commands. |
| |
|We will learn how to delete this line. |
| |
|When text is copied using the F10 command, text at the |
|location to which it is being copied is not destroyed. |
|However, when CTRL C is used to copy a block of text to |
|a new location, it replaces the text there. |
| |
---------------------------------------------------------
Ending EDIT - Esc
Press the Esc key. Notice the following message at the
bottom of the screen where you are asked to choose:
Save Document (Y/N) Yes
answer the request by typing an "N" - DO NOT PRESS THE ENTER
KEY. The next message that appears is
Exit KW (y/N)No Press Esc to return to document
Since you really don't want to do through with leaving KW
without saving the document, press the Esc key, and you will
cancel the End command.
If you answer "YES" to save document, you will be asked if
you want to exit to DOS or to return to the document after
saving.
Please register by sending in the ORDER form
12
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
Deleting lines (F2)
The F2 key deletes lines of text. Move the cursor to the
"W" in "We..." in the fourth sentence of the text on the
screen. Press the F2 key. You will be asked how many lines
to delete. You may enter 0 or more. This time enter 1, and
pre s ENTER. The entire line is deleted. (See also ^D and
^Y).
Inserting characters (Ins)
Did you notice that the word "function" is misspelled in the
example? This can be corrected by moving the cursor to the
second "n" in "functn" and pressing the "Ins" key which is
located below the numeric pad. Notice the blinking message
at the top of the screen. This means that characters entered
will be inserted. Insert the missing "i" and then the "o".
Pressing the "Ins" key again will turn off the insert mode.
The insert mode is meant for SMALL insertions of one or
several characters. Otherwise, press the Enter key to insert
blank lines before adding text.
Inserting lines
You may insert whole blank lines by pressing the Enter Key
several times. Move the cursor to the beginning of the
second line. Press the Enter key 2 times. Notice the
insertion of the blank lines on the screen. You may type
additional text into these blank lines. Note: Since the
keypad is in function mode during screen editing, DO NOT use
the numeric keypad to enter numbers during edit -- use the
numbers at the top of the keyboard.
Marking text for copy (F9)
Copying text is a two step process. First, mark the text
you wish to copy and then specify the location in the text
at which you want the marked text to be copied. To mark the
text, we specify the upper left hand corner and lower right
hand corner of the text. Move the cursor to the "T" in
"These" in the third sentence. Press the F9 function key.
The "T" will be displayed in reverse video. Move the cursor
to the period at the end of the sentence and press the F9
key again. Notice that a block of text is highlighted. The
text in the highlighted rectangular box is now in the copy
buffer and can be copied to other locations using the F10
and CTRL C commands. It will remain there until pressing the
F9 key again starts a new pair of marks, or until you "End"
editing. It should be mentioned that copy blocks are always
rectangular, and the largest possible block is 100 lines in
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13
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
length.
Moving Text
To move text, simply perform a copy, and then delete the old
text.
Copying text (F10 and ^C)
Move the cursor to the line that begins with "When text..."
and press the F10 function key. This copies the contents of
the copy buffer to the location specified by the current
position of the cursor. Notice that the text at the location
where the text is being copied is not destroyed. Now, move
the cursor to the "H" in "However,..." and enter CTRL C. The
two lines of text which formerly occupied this position in
the file have been replaced by the text in the copy buffer.
Notice, however, that characters in these lines which extend
beyond the rectangular copy block, still remain. These may
be deleted by using, for example, the "Del" key discussed in
Lesson 2.
LESSON 2
This lesson will cover the use of the function keys F1, F7,
F8, the "Home" and "Del" keys. First, clear the edit screen
by pressing F8, and answering "Y".
Next, enter the text exactly as it appears below:
---------------------------------------------------------
| Lesson Two |
| |
|In this lesson, we will learn about saving a document for|
|future use, the "Help" key, the character ddelete, and |
|about the Home key. |
---------------------------------------------------------
Character Delete (Del)
Notice that there is an extra "d" in the word "delete". Move
the cursor (using the arrow keys) to the first "d" in
"ddelete". Locate the key below the numeric pad labeled
"Del". Press the "Del" key once, and notice that the extra
"d" has been deleted.
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14
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
Saving a Document (F7) - Exit/Print
After creating or correcting a document, you will have to
save it in order to use it again. To do this we will use the
F7 "Exit/Print" function key. Press the F7 key once and you
will see a request at the bottom of the screen. You must now
enter a name for the document to be saved. For this example,
name the file LESS2.TMP.
(R)eturn (Q)uit (P)rint
This time enter "R" which will return you to the screen
editor so that you may continue working on the current
document.
Clearing the Workspace (F8)
The F8 key lets you clear the current working document from
the workspace. To start all over press the function key F8
once. You will be asked "Are you sure?" A "Y" will cause the
clearing to take place. The text on the screen will vanish,
and you will see a new blank screen. Text in the copy buffer
will NOT be lost. Now, press the F5 key, and get the
document "LESS2.TMP". This is the file you saved earlier.
Help (F1)
The last function key you will learn about in this lesson is
F1, the "Help" key. Press the F1 key, and you will see a
screen a menu of help items. To examine any one subject,
enter the "screen number" of what you want to look at. You
may continue looking at following screens by pressing Enter,
or return to the help menu by pressing M. Exit the Help
screen by pressing Esc.
The Home Key (Home)
Move the cursor anywhere on the screen, then press the
"Home" key. The cursor will go to the left margin. Press
Home again and the cursor will move to the upper left corner
of the screen.
Review this lesson until you feel comfortable with the
function keys, and you are on your way to bigger and better
things.
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15
KwikWrite Editor
____________________________________________________________
LIMITATIONS TO EDIT
1. Maximum length of any line is 79 characters. Files read
into EDIT whose lines are longer than 79 characters in
length may be truncated.
2. Maximum length of file is limited only by disk space.
However, EDIT requires that there be sufficient space for
buffering. Allow three times the file length of disk space
to avoid disk full errors.
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16
KwikWrite Print Module
___________________________________________________________
KWIKWRITE PRINT MODULE Version 4.0
In the previous chapter you learned how to create and edit a
document. The next step is to print the document. The Print
Module of KwikWrite prints your document in the style
specified by "dot" commands which are entered into the text
during the edit/create stage.
TWO "DOCUMENTS"
You can think of KwikWrite as have two documents:
(1) The Master Document - created in the editor
(2) The Output Document - result sent to printer or file
The "Master Document" is a document which is created using
the methods of the previous chapter. This document contains
the "dot" commands which specify the format of the actual
printed document. The printed document or "Output Document"
has a form which is specified by the dot commands, but it no
longer contains or exhibits these commands. We will call the
procedure of obtaining the output document from the master
document the "processing of the master document." This is
the function of KWPR.EXE, the processing module of
KwikWrite.
PRINTING A MASTER DOCUMENT
After entering the print module, you must specify the master
document which you want to process. If the print module was
accessed directly from Edit after saving a file, this file
is automatically assumed. You will be prompted to indicate
where you want the output document to be printed. You may
send the output to:
(1) the printer
(2) the screen
(3) a file on disk
A fourth option allows you to end processing. Option 5
allows you to select another document to print. Option 6 is
available to allow you to change default output settings
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17
KwikWrite Print Module
___________________________________________________________
before the document is printed. These include what number to
call the first page, margins, etc.
Printing to the screen allows you to view the output
document in order to check for errors. As the text is being
displayed on the screen, you will probably want to
temporarily suspend processing in order to take a closer
look - unless you are a very fast reader. Processing can be
suspended by pressing CTRL-NUMLOCK or the Pause Key on some
keyboards. Pressing ENTER will cause processing to continue.
CONTROL COMMANDS
KWPR recognizes several control commands, which are entered
in the master document using the editor. These are: ^B and
^U. These commands are embedded in the text of the master
document. They appear as special characters in the editor,
and are converted to their particular meaning in the print
facility.
PROCESSOR (DOT) COMMANDS
The processor commands consist of a dot, ".", in the first
column (left-hand edge of the screen) followed by a command
name. For example to invoke double spacing, the command
".spa 2" would be given. As the master document is being
processed any line that begins with a dot is assumed to be a
command line.
BE CAREFUL
A "." can occur correctly at the beginning of a line of text
in a decimal number. In particular, a decimal number such as
.342 could correctly occur at the left-hand edge of the
screen. Such a number would be interpreted as an unknown
processor command, and the remainder of that line would be
omitted from the output document. As a result you should
either be careful to never begin a line in the master
document with such a number, or you could always express
such numbers in the form 0.342.
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18
KwikWrite Print Module
___________________________________________________________
A CLOSER LOOK AT THE MASTER DOCUMENT
As mentioned, the master document is created using EDIT.
There are two kinds of lines in this document:
(1) command lines
(2) text lines
Any line which begins with a dot is interpreted as a
command. A text line is simply any line which does not start
with a dot command. Text lines are printed to the output
document according to the specifications of the dot
commands.
TYPES OF PROCESSOR COMMANDS
Processor commands are categorized depending upon their
function. These categories are:
1. Commands Specifying Output Page Size
2. Commands Specifying How Output Lines are Formed
3. Other Text Formatting Commands
4. Commands Related to Paging
5. Commands Related to Page Titles
6. Commands Specifying Headers and Footers
7. Commands for External Text Entry
8. Commands Related to Special Printer Capabilities
9. Miscellaneous Commands
1. COMMANDS SPECIFYING OUTPUT PAGE SIZE
Before an output document is printed, it is helpful to know
the size of a page of output. There are default settings for
these page size parameters, i.e. the sizes the computer
"assumes" unless "told" otherwise. In this section we will
discuss commands for setting the page size. When the
commands are discussed, the default settings will be
indicated. These commands will allow you to set margins, the
form length, and the maximum number of lines to be printed
on a page. The margin settings not only position the output
on the page, but also determine the output line length, i.e.
Line Length = Right margin - Left Margin. The maximum number
of characters which can be printed on a line varies from
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KwikWrite Print Module
___________________________________________________________
printer to printer and for a given printer it may vary from
print style to print style. These limits should be taken
into consideration when specifying margins.
.lm n (left margin)
This command sets the left margin at n spaces, i.e. the
lefthand character of a line is in space n+1. The default
margin setting is n=10. This implies that if you do not
specify any left margin settings, then the lefthand
character of a line will be printed in space 11.
.rm n (right margin)
The right margin is set at space n, i.e. no characters will
be printed beyond space n. The default is 70.
.fle n (form length)
This command sets the form length. That is, n is the
physical length of a page in lines, i.e. it is the maximum
number of lines on a page. The default is 66 lines.
.top n (top margin)
This command sets the top margin. It sets how many lines
from the top of the page will be skipped before printing is
begun. Generally, there are 6 lines per inch, so the command
".top 6" would allow an inch margin at the top of the
document.
.bot n (bottom margin)
This command sets the bottom margin. It sets how many lines
from the bottom of the page will be left. For example, the
command ".bot 6" would leave 6 blank lines at the bottom of
a page. If the current setting of your printer is 6 lines
per inch, this would leave an inch margin at the bottom of
the page.
2. COMMANDS SPECIFYING HOW OUTPUT LINES ARE FORMED
One of the most basic fundamentals of text formatting
concerns how the lines in the output document are formed.
Dot commands are used to specify the type of line forming to
be used. There are three basic modes which we will discuss
here:
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KwikWrite Print Module
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(1) no line filling
(2) line filling
(3) line filling and right justification
A special purpose line forming mode called "literal" will
also be discussed.
.nof (no line filling - "nofill")
When lines are being formed under this nofill mode, the
lines of text in the output document have the same
appearance as the text lines in the master document. If a
line of text in the master document is longer than the
output document line length, it will be "truncated" in the
output document.
.fil (fill)
If text is being filled, then lines in the output document
are formed by printing as much text as possible on each
successive line. This, of course, is based upon the output
line margin settings discussed in the previous section. This
filling takes place on text lines, i.e. lines that do not
begin with a dot, and a group of text lines is filled until
a dot command or blank line is encountered in the master
document. It is important to understand that the output does
not depend on the form or length of the lines of text in the
master document. For example, even if each line in the
master document contained only one word, the output filled
text would consist of well formed lines.
.jus (fill and justify)
This is an extension of the simple fill mode in which lines
are filled with as many words as possible, and then these
lines are structured so that the right-hand margin is
straight. The same words will appear on a given line of text
under the ".jus" or ".fil" modes. In the justify mode,
additional blanks are inserted between words within the line
as needed to cause the right-hand margins to be straight.
CHANGING THE TYPE OF LINE FORMING
You may use more than one kind of line forming within a
document. Once a line forming command has been given, it
remains in effect until it is modified by the issuance of
another line forming command.
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KwikWrite Print Module
___________________________________________________________
A SPECIAL LINE FORMING MODE
.lit (literal)
This is a special kind of nofilling. After entering the
literal mode, the only processor command that is recognized
by KwikWrite as being a command is ".nol". Until a ".nol"
command is encountered though, everything in the master
document is printed to the output document as it appears -
even processor commands. The line length restrictions are in
effect so that lines might be truncated as in standard
nofilling.
.nol (turns off literal)
This command turns off the literal mode. Line forming at
this point returns to the active mode when the ".lit"
command was issued.
3. OTHER TEXT FORMATTING COMMANDS
Several other processor commands relate to the formatting of
text on a page.
.s n (skip lines)
This command causes n lines to be skipped in the output
document before continuing with printing. The same result
can be accomplished by inserting n blank lines.
.spa n (line spacing)
This command sets line spacing for output. Double spacing
results from the command ".spa 2", triple spacing from
".spa 3", etc. Notice that the skip command discussed above
depends on the line spacing mode. For example, a ".s 1"
while in double space mode would actually skip two lines.
.par (paragraph)
The ".par" command causes the next line to be indented. The
number of spaces to be indented is specified by the ".ind"
command.
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KwikWrite Print Module
___________________________________________________________
.ind n (indentation)
The size of the indentation for a paragraph is set with the
".ind n" command. The default is 5 spaces. A helpful feature
is that n can be negative, causing an "undent." This
paragraph is undented specifying ".ind -3" prior to the the
".par" command. The current indentation setting remains
until it is changed with a new ".ind n" command.
.cen (center next text line)
Centers the next line. Line filling then resumes under the
current mode.
4. COMMANDS RELATED TO PAGING
When typing a document on a typewriter, you must decide when
to stop typing on the current page and begin the next.
Several processor commands deal with this process of
"paging". Under normal situations, we would want the
document to "page" after printing the number of lines
specified by the top and bottom margins. This is called
automatic paging. The paging commands discussed here allow
us to page correctly under special conditions. You should
also realize that the form length ".fle" setting discussed
earlier "tells" the printer how long a page is, and
therefore the location of the top of the next page when
continuous form paper is used. If the printer is not moving
to the top of the next page correctly, it could be that form
length is incorrectly specified.
.page (forced paging)
.pag #n (forced page number)
This causes the printer to skip immediately to the top of
the next page. If a title is defined, it is printed. Paging
automatically begins counting at page number 1. However, use
of the optional #n will cause page counting to begin with
the number n. For example, ".pag #10" would cause page
numbering to begin with 10.
.nop (no paging)
In this mode, no paging is done at all. The top and bottom
margins are ignored, and printing is continuous. This
condition is cancelled with the ".pag" command.
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KwikWrite Print Module
___________________________________________________________
.need n (conditonal page)
This command specifies that paging should occur unless at
least n more lines can be printed on the current page. This
is useful, for example, to insure that a new section will
not start toward the bottom of a page unless n lines can be
printed.
.pau (pause)
This causes the printer to pause. Printing will remain
suspended until you press the ENTER key. This can be useful
when single sheets of paper are being used instead of
continuous form paper. By inserting a ".pau" after a ".pag"
command, you will be able to insert a new sheet of paper,
and then press the ENTER key to continue. See ".sin" below.
.sin (single page feed)
This command turns on single page feed. That is, the printer
will pause after paging to allow you to insert a new sheet
of paper. The prompt "Please insert a new sheet of paper,
press ENTER." will appear on the screen. This command
differs from ".pau" because it is in effect even after
automatic paging, whereas with ".pau", you must specify the
exact location at which you want the pause to occur.
.nos (turn off single page feed)
This command turns off the single page feed mode and paging
will occur without the pause.
5. COMMANDS RELATED TO PAGE TITLES
After moving to the top of the next page, you may wish to
print a title and/or page number. Commands which control
page titling and numbering are discussed below.
.title XXX (title)
Title allows you to automatically print the title "XXX" at
the top of each page.
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KwikWrite Print Module
___________________________________________________________
.title.s n;XXX (title with skips)
This optional form of the title command allows you to
specify that n lines should be skipped after the title
before any text is printed.
.title.h n;XXX (title with header)
A header may be defined to follow a title (the title may be
blank, but the ; is required). For example, the title
.title.h 5;This is my title
1
2
3
4
5
would cause the title "This is my title" to appear at the
top of each page, followed by the five lines:
1
2
3
4
5
This lines may be blank, or may contain any text. Dot
commands will not be understood in this header zone.
.etitle.s n;XXX .etitle.H n;XXX .etitle XXX;
The "etitle" command is the same as the title command,
with ".s" and ".h" options. If an etitle is specified, it
will appear on the even numbered pages. If it is not
specified, the title will appear on both even and odd
pages.
The ".not" command turns off the title mode and when paging
occurs, no title will be printed. This is the default mode.
.npn (no page number)
This command allows you to display a title, specified by
the .title command, with no page number. This command
should follow the ".title" command.
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.pz n1 n2 (page size for title)
This command specifies the margins of the paper in which
to print the title. The default is n1=10 and n2=70. If
margins are changed using ".lm" and ".rm", this has no
effect on the titles.
6. COMMANDS FOR SPECIFYING HEADERS AND FOOTERS
The commands discussed below make it possible for you to
reserve space at the top and the bottom of the page for
headers and footers,i.e. extended "titles" that appear
at the top and the bottom of the page respectively.
The lines used for printing the title, header, and footer
are counted in the printing length as specified by the
".ple" command.
.title.h n;XXX (header)
.etitle.h n;XXX (header for even page title)
This command is actually an extension of the ".title"
command. The ".h" indicates that a header n lines long is
to be printed at the top of each page immediately
following the title. The n lines in the master document
immediately following the ".title.h n; XXX" command will be
used as the header.
.foot n (footer)
This command is similar to the header except that the n
lines in the master document immediately following the
".foot n" command are printed at the bottom of each page.
7. COMMANDS FOR EXTERNAL TEXT ENTRY
A master document is being processed, text can be retrieved
from other files for entry into the output document. For
example, another file may contain text which you want to be
inserted into the current document. Or, you may want to be
able to enter text from the terminal, such as name etc., at
certain points during the processing of the master document.
There are a variety of ways in which such external
information can be retrieved. The external material may also
contain processor commands, and will be processed just as if
it were a part of the master document.
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.use filename (use specified file)
This command causes the contents of the named file to be
used during the processing of the master document. For
example, if you have a paragraph which you use often, say
response.txt, on the default disk, then issuing the
command ".use response.txt" would cause the contents of
this file to be processed. When the end of the file is
encountered, processing resumes with the original master
document.
.pro XXX (single line entry)
This command causes the prompt "XXX" to be displayed on
the screen, and one line of text may be entered from the
keyboard. This text is used in the processing stream, and
then processing continues from the master document.
.ent XXX (keyboard entry)
This command causes the text "XXX" to appear as a prompt on
the terminal. Text entry will now be accepted from the
keyboard until the command ".noe" or ".end" is entered.
ENDING EXTERNAL TEXT ENTRY
.noe (end external text entry)
This command is used when entering external text using
".ent" to signify that processing should return to the
master document. This command is a part of the external
text. The command ".end" can also be used for this purpose.
A SPECIAL TEXT ENTRY COMMAND - FOR "MAIL MERGE"
.dat filename (database entry)
This command specifies the name of a dBASE III type ".dbf"
file which can be used to provide information to be printed
in the output document. Only one database can be specified
within a master document. Information within a database is
classified by fields, each of which has a "fieldname". The
information within a specific field can be accessed using
the format ~|fieldname|~ within a text line. For example,
you could write:
Hello, ~|name|~, how are you?
When multiple copies of the master document are printed,
records of the database are printed in order. If "name" is a
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fieldname within the database, then for each record,
~|name|~ will be replaced by the contents of the field
"name". This allows personalized letters, etc. to be
processed, one for each person in the database. Note that
filling will take place with regard to the length of each
"name". This technique will be discussed further in the
database chapter where the mail-merge capabilities are
discussed.
8. COMMANDS RELATED TO SPECIAL PRINTER CAPABILITIES
Several processor commands are related to special
capabilities which your printer may or may not support. For
example, several dot matrix printers, such as the Epson and
IBM, are capable of printing oversized or wide characters.
However, if you have a daisy wheel printer, this feature is
probably not available.
PROCESS THE DOCUMENT KWTEST
In order for you to determine the action of the printer
specific commands on your printer, we have included a master
document called "KWTEST" on the programs diskette. When you
examine it, you will see that it uses many of the printer
specific commands. Process this document using your printer
so that you can determine what actions your printer will
take. Use this document and the printed output obtained by
processing it to learn how the processor commands work.
SPECIAL PRINTER COMMANDS
.wid (wide)
The next text line is printed in wide mode.
.now (cancel wide mode)
This command cancels wide printing mode.
.com (compressed mode)
Printing of text will be done in compressed mode until it is
cancelled with ".noc". The compressed mode may effect the
position of the margins.
.noc (cancel compressed mode)
This command cancels compressed mode.
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.emp (emphasized mode)
Printing is done in emphasized mode until it is cancelled
by the ".nem" command.
.nem (cancel emphasized mode)
This command cancels emphasized mode.
.dou (double strike)
Printing is done with double striking until cancelled
with the ".nod" command.
.nod (cancel double strike)
This command cancels double strike mode.
.bol (bold)
Printing is done in bold type until cancelled with the
".nob" command.
.nob (cancel bold)
This command cancels the bold typing mode.
.ita (italics)
Printing is done in italics until cancelled with the
".nit" command.
.nit (cancel italics)
This command cancels italics mode.
.sub (subscript)
Characters will be printed as subscripts until cancelled
with the ".nsb" command.
.nsb (cancel subscript)
This command cancels subscript mode.
.sup (superscript)
Characters will be printed as superscripts until cancelled
with the ".nsp" command.
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.nsp (cancel superscript)
This command cancels superscript mode.
EMBEDDING PRINTER COMMANDS WITHIN A TEXT LINE
The commands related to special printer capabilities can
be embedded within a text line using the form ~command~.
For example, the following line in a master document
KwikWrite is a ~.bol~ GREAT ~.nob~ Word Processor.
would cause the word GREAT to be output in boldface type
(if your computer supports this).
Printers support these commands in different ways. Some
printers have print modes which cannot be turned on and off
on the same line of text. It should be noted that the
following commands are equivalent:
~.bol~
~ASCII code specifying bold type for your printer~
For example, for the NEC-3530, the output obtained above
could also have been obtained with
KwikWrite is a ~27~~43~ GREAT ~27~~38~ Word Processor.
9. MISCELLANEOUS COMMANDS
.rem XXX (remark)
This command serves as a method for you to enter remarks or
comments into the master document. The remark "XXX" which
appears after the space following ".rem" is ignored during
processing.
.bre (break filling)
The ".bre" command's only function is to break filling. It
would have no effect under nofill mode.
.end (end)
This command ends text processing of a file. If, for
example, you wished to print only a part of the master
document, inserting an ".end" at the desired point in the
master document would terminate printing.
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SPECIAL COMMANDS
There are additional commands which ARE NOT dot commands,
but which can be activated within a text line in a manner
similar to the printer commands discussed in the previous
section.
~page~ (print page number)
This command will be replaced in the output document by the
current page number.
~date~ (print date)
This command will be replaced in the output document by the
date as specified when the computer was turned on.
~|fieldname|~ (print database information)
This command is replaced in the output document by the
information in the specified field for the record in a dbASE
III file being processed. This command should be preceded by
the ".dat filename" command to specify the database from
which the information will be taken.
SUMMARY OF PRINTER COMMANDS
A summary of the commands is available on the help screen
(F1).
DEFAULT CONDITIONS
Some of the processor commands have default settings. These
settings will be automatically used when the text is
processed unless changed by specifying other settings.
-----------------------------------------
|left margin 10 |
|right margin 70 |
|form length 66 |
|top margin 5 |
|bottom margin 5 |
|margins for titles 10 and 70 |
|nofill or fill-justify (set in KWSETUP) |
|indentation 5 |
|no titles |
|continuous page feed |
|print type - your printer's default type |
-----------------------------------------
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EXAMPLES
This section contains examples of some of the commonly used
features of KwikWrite. Duplicating the examples here is a
good way to learn about KwikWrite.
WRITING A LETTER
STEP-BY-STEP
(1) Begin KwikWrite Editor with C>EDIT (or C>KW)
(2) Enter the following text on the screen as it appears here.
(no borders, please) Note:Instead of the ".s 8" command
you may place eight blank lines. Whenever there is a ".s"
command, it is equivalent to placing blank lines in the
text. The ".npn" command at the top tells KwikWrite not
to place a page number at the bottom of the page "No Page
Number".
-----------------------------------------------------------
|.npn |
|.s 8 |
|January 8, 1989 |
|.s 3 |
|Sir Joshua Reynolds |
|1111 Whatever St. |
|Place, ST 11111 |
|.s 4 |
|Dear Joe, |
| |
|Excellence is never granted to man, but as the reward |
|of labor. It argues, indeed, no small strength of mind |
|to persevere in the habits of industry, without |
|perceiving those advantages which, like the hands of a |
|clock, whilst they make hourly approaches to their |
|point, yet proceed so slowly as to escape observation. |
|they make hourly approaches to their point, yet proceed so |
|slowly as to escape observation. |
|.s 4 |
|Sincerely, |
|.s 4 |
|Jane Lavater |
------------------------------------------------------------
(3) Save (Function key F7) the document under a name such
as TRY.LET
(4) Choose the Print option.
(5) Make sure the printer is on, and the paper is in place.
(6) Choose the "Print option" (option 1).
(7) Choose 1 (one) copy, defaults on begin and end.
(8) Sit back and watch.
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FILL AND JUSTIFY
The fill option puts as many words as possible on a line.
The justify option right justifies the text so the right
margin lines up, while the nofill option prints text as it
appears in the master document. These commands are:
.jus - justify
.fil - fill
.nof - nofill
When fill alone is on, a "ragged" right edge is produced.
This is often desirable for letters. When fill is off, and
lines that exceed the current setting of the right margin
(.rm) will be truncated.
-------------------------------------------------------------
|.s 8 |
|Fill and Justify |
|.s 2 |
|The fill option puts as many words as possible on a line. |
|The justify option right justifies the text so the right |
|margin lines up, while the nofill mode prints text as it |
|appears in the master document. These commands are: |
|.lit 'literal output on |
| |
| .jus - justify |
| .fil - fill |
| .nof - nofill |
|.noliteral |
| |
|.fil |
|When fill alone is on, a "ragged" right edge is produced. |
|This is often desirable for letters. When fill is off, |
|and lines that exceed the current setting of the right |
|margin (.rm) will be truncated. |
-------------------------------------------------------------
PARAGRAPHING AND SPACING
This is an example of the paragraphing capabilities of
KwikWrite. Putting the command ".par" just before a line of
text causes the text to be indented. The default indent is 5
spaces, but this may be changed by using the command ".ind
n" where n is the number of spaces to indent.
Therefore, if we want to indent 10 spaces at the
beginning of each paragraph, we simple put the command ".Ind
10" in the master document before using the command ".par"
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to cause the paragraphing to take place.
Paragraphing will work when the text is in fill or
justify mode, but it has no effect if the justify or fill
options are not currently in use. Another nice feature is
the "spacing" option. The command ".spa n", will cause the
output to have any number of line spacing between lines of
text. For instance, for double spacing, you would use the
command ".Spa 2"...
Or for triple spacing you would use the command ".Spa 3".
The default spacing is, or course, 1 space. To return to
that after setting a spacing other than one you use the
command ".spa 1"
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The text on the previous page was created by...
-------------------------------------------------------------
|.lm 10 |
|.rm 70 |
|.fill |
|.par |
|This is an example of the paragraphing capabilities of |
|KwikWrite. Putting the command ".par" just before a line |
|of text causes the text to be indented. The default indent |
|is 5 spaces, but this may be changed by using the command |
|".ind n" where n is the number of spaces to indent. |
|.ind 10 |
|.par |
|Therefore, if we want to indent 10 spaces at the beginning |
|of each paragraph, we simple put the command ".Ind 10" in |
|the master document before using the command ".par" to cause |
|the paragraphing to take place. |
|.jus |
|.spa 2 |
|.s 1 |
|.par |
|Paragraphing will work when the text is in fill or justify |
|mode, but it has no effect if the justify or fill options |
|are not currently in use. Another nice feature |
|is the "spacing" option. The command ".spa n", will cause |
|the output to have any number of line spacing between lines |
|of text. For instance, for double spacing, you would use |
|the command ".Spa 2"... |
|.spa 3 |
|Or for triple spacing you would use the command ".Spa 3". |
|The default spacing is, or course, 1 space. To return to |
|that after setting a spacing other than one you use the |
|command ".spa 1" |
|.spa 1 |
-------------------------------------------------------------
NEGATIVE INDENT
There is a feature of the ".ind" command that deserves special
mention, the negative indent. That is, in the commmand ".ind
n", the number does not have to be positive. Thus ".ind -5"
is just as valid a command as ".ind 5". The effects are of
course different. The ".ind -5" command causes text to begin
5 spaces to the left of the left margin whereas the command
".ind 5" causes text to begin 5 spaces to the right of the
left margin. Both commands cause the ".par" command to
respond accordingly. As stated before these commands have no
effect in nofill mode.
The negative indent is especially useful when making numbered
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lists, such as a list of references, which you want to be
both right and left justified. In the references below, we
wanted the reference numbers to line up with the left hand
margin of this text. We also wanted all lines after the
first line of a reference to be indented three spaces so
that they line up with the first character printed after the
reference number. We have accomplished this effect by using
".jus", resetting the left margin with ".lm 13" and using a
negative indent of ".ind -3" to "undent" the first line back
to the margin of 10. One final comment is in order. If you
follow the above instructions, the "A" in Adelman and Allen
may not line up with the margin of 13 which we have set for
the following lines. The reason for this is blanks may be
inserted between the "." and "A" in order to cause the
right-hand margins to be straight. A good way to avoid this
problem is with the CTRL B command. Instead of entering a
blank between the "." and "A", enter a ^O (the letter O
appears as a star on the screen). Then "1. Adelman" is
considered to be one "word", where the ^O is placed between
the "1." and the "Ad".
REFERENCES - THE OUTPUT DOCUMENT
1. Adelman, Irma. A new approach to the construction of
index numbers, Review of Econimical Statistics, 240-249
(1958).
2. Allen, R.G. On the marginal utility of money and its
application. Economica, 13, 186-209 (1933)
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